What is Oral Cancer?

Oral cancer refers to a type of cancer that develops in any part of the mouth, including the lips, tongue, gums, inner cheeks, roof, and floor of the mouth. It is a serious condition that, if not detected early, can spread to other parts of the body. Most cases are squamous cell carcinomas, which develop in the thin, flat cells lining the oral cavity.

Types of Oral Cancer

There are several types of oral cancer, including:

• Squamous Cell Carcinoma: The most common type, accounting for over 90% of oral cancers.
• Verrucous Carcinoma: A slow-growing cancer that rarely spreads.
• Minor Salivary Gland Carcinomas: Cancers that begin in the small salivary glands located throughout the oral cavity.
• Lymphomas: Cancers that start in the lymphatic tissues within the oral cavity.

Risk Factors for Oral Cancer

Several factors can increase the risk of developing oral cancer, including:

• Excessive tobacco use (smoking, chewing tobacco, cigars, etc.)
• Heavy alcohol consumption
• Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection
• Prolonged sun exposure (especially for lip cancer)
• Poor oral hygiene and dietary deficiencies
• Family history of cancer
• Weak immune system

What Causes Oral Cancer?

Oral cancer is primarily caused by genetic mutations that lead to uncontrolled cell growth. These mutations can be triggered by long-term exposure to carcinogens such as tobacco smoke, excessive alcohol consumption, and HPV infection. Chronic irritation from ill-fitting dentures or sharp teeth may also contribute to cancer development.

Symptoms of Oral Cancer

Common symptoms of oral cancer include:

• Persistent sores or ulcers that do not heal
• Unexplained bleeding in the mouth
• Pain or difficulty swallowing
• A lump or thickening in the mouth or throat
• White or red patches on the gums, tongue, or lining of the mouth
• Ear pain
• Weight loss

How is Oral Cancer Diagnosed?

Diagnosis begins with a physical examination by a healthcare provider. Additional tests include:

• Biopsy: A tissue sample is taken for laboratory analysis.
• Imaging Tests: X-rays, CT scans, MRI scans, and PET scans can help determine cancer spread.
• Endoscopy: A small camera is used to examine the throat and esophagus.

Treatment Options for Oral Cancer

Treatment depends on the stage and location of the cancer and may include:

• Surgery: Removing the tumor and possibly affected lymph nodes.
• Radiation Therapy: Using high-energy rays to destroy cancer cells.
• Chemotherapy: Using drugs to kill cancer cells.
• Targeted Therapy: Medications that specifically target cancer cell growth.
• Immunotherapy: Boosting the body's immune system to fight cancer.

Frequently Asked Questions About Oral Cancer

Can Oral Cancer Be Prevented?

While not entirely preventable, reducing risk factors such as quitting smoking, limiting alcohol, practicing good oral hygiene, and getting vaccinated against HPV can lower the chances.

Is Oral Cancer Treatable?

Yes, if detected early, oral cancer is highly treatable with a good prognosis.

What Are the Survival Rates?

The survival rate depends on the stage at diagnosis. The 5-year survival rate is around 65% for localized cancer.